Write the name of each of the hydrocarbon molecules shown below. Physical properties of alkanes organic chemistry tutorial. As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have. Collectively, they are called unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are defined as hydrocarbons having one or more multiple double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only, e. Aromatic hydrocarbon aromatic compounds containing benzene ring are known as benzenoids and those not containing a benzene ring are known as nonbenzenoids.
Mar 02, 2014 alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carboncarbon single covalent bonds. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes an aliphatic hydrocarbon with only single covalent bonds. Pyrolysis of higher alkanes to give a mixture of lower alkanes, alkenes, etc. Students may need a listing of the prefixes used to name carbon compounds as well as a list of the main substituents like br, cl, f, etc. Here is a list of the first 10 alkanes and a look at how to name them. Determination of the % fe in an unknown by titration. The group of unsaturated hydrocarbons includes alkenes, alkadienes and alkynes. When alkynes and halogens like bromine react, halogen will add itself to the structure of the alkynes and result in halogen substituted alkenes. Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons date.
Compound with only single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbons. Download in free pdf hydrocarbons are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Nov 28, 2016 alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Some other functional groups contain nitrogen atoms, such as the amines and amides.
The three simplest families of hydrocarbons are known as the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Many functional groups contain oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from. Hydrocarbon for iitjee alkanes alkenes alkynes alp.
The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes page. These are known as sabatier and senderen s reactions. Some hydrocarbons have electrophilic and nucleophilic. Compounds with at least one double or triple bond 2. Chemistry alkanes and alkenes pure hydrocarbons because the main use of. A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboncarbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings is classi. Main idea alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Alkanes are saturated, open chain hydrocarbons containing carboncarbon single bonds.
Hydrocarbons 365 unit after studying this unit, you will be able to name hydrocarbons according to iupac system of nomenclature. The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. Alkanes and cycloalkanes section 2 of organic chemistry notes is 18 pages in length page 21 through page 218 and covers all youll need to know about the following lecturebook topics. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon triple bonds are called alkynes. Since alkynes show geometrical isomerism, alkynes can be reduced to give cis or trans alkene depending upon the nature of catalyst used. As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms than comparable alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.
Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds, and alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds. Alkynes have higher boiling points than alkanes or alkenes, because the electric field of an alkyne, with its increased number of weakly held. Hydrocarbon derivatives and their uses pdf activity. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes a hydrocarbon that contains no double bonds is called an alkane, or hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. We study alkanes saturated hydrocarbons in this chapter. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics. The aim of this study was to determine some of the limitations of the hydrocarbon substrate range of this enzyme. In chapter 7, we noted that alkanes saturated hydrocarbonshave relatively few important chemical properties other than that they undergo combustion and.
The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. Page 1 naming alkynes o naming alkynes is just like naming alkanes o to start, replace the ending ane with yne o triple bonds get the lowest possible number on the parent carbon chain. Carbon is unique in the periodic table in that it is the only element that has a whole branch of chemistry dedicated to this study by itself. Hydrocarbons l 10 properties of alkynes ncert chemistry. Hydrocarbons introduction alkanes isomerism preparation of alkanes physical properties of alkanes reactions of alkanes alkene introduction and isomerism preparation of alkenes physical properties of alkenes reactions of alkenes alkyne introduction, isomerism and preparation physical properties of alkynes reactions of alkynes aromatic. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i alkene hydrocarbons. Alkenes and alkynes add one and two molecules of hydrogen in presence of a catalyst such as nickel, platinum, palladium to form alkanes. Ethylene and acetylene are synonyms in the iupac nomenclature system for ethene and ethyne, respectively. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Determination of an equilibrium constant using spectroscopy. In addition, the type of bonding in organic compounds is almost always covalent. We study alkenes and alkynes both unsaturated hydrocarbons in chapters 4 and 5, and arenes also unsaturated hydrocarbons in chapter 9.
Alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds. Carbon is unique in that it can form up to four bonds in a compound, so they can easily bond with other carbon atoms, forming long chains or rings. Alkenes are unsaturated compounds, which makes them highly reactive. Chapter 2 hydrocarbons a hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry mycbseguide cbse. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds. Hydrocarbon lecture1 in todays session, vt sir will teach you hydrocarbon alkane, alkene, alkyne. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. This group of compounds is a homologous series with the general molecular formula of cnh2n 2 the alkyne triple bond is. There are three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with cc bonds and alkynes are hydrocarbons with c.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. Pdf organic chemistry basics and hydrocarbons notes download. The alkanes can be obtained through a process called hydrogenation of alkenes. All organic compounds can be considered as hydrocarbons or compounds derived. Bromine is a reactor molecule and it reacts with the double bond portion of an alkene to give you a. It consist of passing hydrogen gas through alkenes or alkynes in the presence of finely divided nickel at 523 573 k. In case of alkenes double bond linkages are seen and in alkynes, triple bond linkages are present. The catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes occurs faster than that of alkenes to alkanes. In this organic chemistry hydrocarbon alkane notes we discuss following topics. When it comes to alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, the acidity is in the order of alkynes alkenes alkanes.
The best app for cbse students now provides hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of cbse exams and school based annual examinations. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond between two carbon atoms. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The least number of hydrogen atoms is present in alkynes among alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Identify alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. A hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen. The term unsaturated means that these chemicals contain less hydrogens than fully saturated carbon chains as found in alkanes i. In an alkane molecule, all the outer electrons of each carbon are used in forming single covalent bonds with four other atoms, hence, alkanes are said to be saturated. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i free download as powerpoint presentation. The general formula of this class of organic compound is c n h 2n2. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, so the study of organic chemistry is important because all living things are based on carbon compounds. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors.
Hydrocarbon jee advanced level sheet hello students, in this post, i am sharing another excellent assignment namely hydrocarbon jee advanced level problem sheet consisting of 60 wonderful questions on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes for jee chemistry portion as per requests received from students. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkanes page 1 of 3 organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Alkenes will undergo additional reactions with molecules like bromine. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. Properties and uses of hydrocarbon contd activity crude oil and fuels handout video using hydrocarbons in our lives. Oxidization of 3 0 alkane tertiary alkanes are oxidized to tertiary alcoholsby kmno4. Students will match structural formulas to the names of the hydrocarbons in a chain. The sodium salt of carboxylic acids on strong heating with soda lime. They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The second article part 2 is on alkenes and alkynes. For each write the correct tupac namc for cach, draw a structural diagram inc, condensed or complete 17.
The first three types are presented in this chapter, and aromatics are presented in a later chapter. The longest hydrocarbon chain is selected and is termed as parent chain in case of alkanes. The process of addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compounds in presence of a catalyst is called hydrogenation or reduction. They are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only and contain two types of bonds, carbon hydrogen ch and carboncarbon cc single covalent bonds. Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains different between hydrocarbons. In these organic chemistry basics and hydrocarbons notes pdf, you will study the recapitulation of fundamentals of organic chemistry and the introduction of a new concept of visualizing the organic molecules in a threedimensional space. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes.
Hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry chapter edubuzz notes. In this century, the need for standardization was recognized. Add lots of h2 with metal catalyst pd, pt, or ni to reduce alkyne to alkane, completely saturated. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes and alkynes. Organic chemistry hydrocarbon alkane notes handwritten. Dec 30, 2019 in todays session, master teacher arvind arora sir takes you through the important topics of hydrocarbons, properties of alkynes lecture 10, as it is one of the most important and scoring topics. Apr 05, 2014 alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the. Mathematically, this can be indicated by the following general formulas. Ppt alkanes and alkenes powerpoint presentation free to. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc.
Alkene olefins open chain, unsaturated hydrocarbons with general formula cnh2n. Naming and drawing alkanes for each, draw a structural diagram line, condensed or complete 2. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. Alkenes undergo three types of main reactions, which are as. Pdf polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and. React the alkyne with sodium in liquid ammonia to form a trans alkene. Most of these chemical reactions occur at the carboncarbon double bonds. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Alkanes alkanes are the simplest class of organic compounds. This article provides the revision notes of the hydrocarbons chapter of class 11 for the students so that they can give a quick glance at the chapter. Lecture outline class odds and ends defining unsaturation in hydrocarbons naming alkenes and alkynes cis and trans isomers reactions of alkenes and alkynes o hydrogenation o halogenation o hydrohalogenation o hydration. Oct 10, 2018 cbse chemistry chapter hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry in pdf are available for free download in mycbseguide mobile app. The first stable of an alkyne is ethyne or acetylene. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds. Detailed chapter notes alkanes, class 11, chemistry. Hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes britannica. Acidity of alkynes terminal alkynes are acidic in nature alkanes, alkenes and alkynes follow the following trend in their acidic behaviour. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes article pdf available in journal of engineering and applied sciences july 2018. To establish the applications of these concepts, the functional groups alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and. Alkenes and alkynes page 2 of 2 trans isomerism because the. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon double bonds are called alkenes. Thus, alkynes are very reactive, and with the exception of ethyne, commonly referred to as acetylene c 2 h 2, they are not commonly encountered. Alkenes and alkynes, on the other hand, are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The naming system for alkynes follows the conventions for the alkanes and alkenes, however the presence of the triple bond is indicated by the yne termination. Just like other hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes alkynes also do not react with a water molecule. Historically, chemists developed names for new compounds without any systematic guidelines. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes. Hydrocarbons that contain no multiple bonds are called alkanes.
Use a special catalyst, lindlars catalyst to convert an alkyne to a cis alkene. This file contains 16 line structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. Rules underlying iupac nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed below. Organic nomenclature alkanes, alkenes, alkynes naming organic compounds can be a challenge to any chemist at any level.
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